This chapter examines the situation of women deprived of liberty in Argentina through an approach centered on motherhood and on the production and availability of gender-sensitive data. Building on the historical moral construction of the “bad mother” that has shaped penal responses toward women, the text explores the extent to which the criminal justice system recognizes, records, and protects maternal bonds, as well as the rights of children and adolescents whose mothers are incarcerated. Using a quantitative methodology that combines official data—primarily from the National Statistics System on Sentence Execution (SNEEP)—with information specifically produced for this research through formal requests to all federal women’s prisons, the study offers an updated profile of the female prison population. The findings show that the vast majority of incarcerated women are mothers who shoulder significant caregiving responsibilities and face marked social, economic, and gender-based vulnerabilities. The analysis also highlights the overrepresentation of drug-related offenses among incarcerated women and the persistent, widespread use of pretrial detention. Furthermore, the chapter reveals substantial limitations in the State’s production of reliable, comprehensive, and accessible data, which hinders the development of public policies that address the specific needs of women and their children. Overall, the results underscore the urgency of advancing information systems grounded in intersectional perspectives and of implementing criminal and penitentiary policies that incorporate gender and care dimensions, thereby reducing the disproportionate impact of incarceration on this population.