The application of bioremediation technology to polluted soils and waters cleanup has evolved and attracted the interests of several researchers in recent decades. This is because bioremediation is considered to be cost-effective, environment friendly, and compactible. Generally, most organic contaminants in soil and water are biodegradable. Consequently, they could be broken down naturally through a very slow process known as natural attenuation. In this chapter, the countless benefits of bioremediation techniques over other conventional soil and water remediation approaches have been discussed with more emphasis on cleanup of organic pollutants, particularly petroleum polluted soils. For a better understanding of the various bioremediation techniques as applicable to polluted soil and water environments, a detailed discussion of soil chemistry was made. The various types of bioremediation techniques, their advantages in comparison to conventional physicochemical soil remediation methods and their limitations were X-rayed with a bit of touch on polluted waters remediation. The chapter revealed the various benefits of bioremediation technology application on polluted soils cleanup and revitalization. Furthermore, the effects of soil chemistry on the effective application of each technique were evaluated. The study also revealed the cost-effectiveness, environment friendliness, and compatibility of the bioremediation technology. More so, the various methods of enhancing natural attenuation, a technology referred to as remediation by enhanced natural attenuation (RENA) have been thoroughly emphasized. Also included were the various modern advances including the use of multiple soil remediation approaches, development of microbes’ cultured consortium (MCC) and application of treatability testing as well as prospects for further improvement in biotechnology.