The global burden of neurological disorders is very high and increasing. Neurological conditions, including migraine, stroke, Alzheimer’s disease, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson’s disease, are among the leading causes of morbidity and/or mortality in Europe and incur very high costs to healthcare systems and society. While Europe has made substantial investments in neurological research and innovation in the past decade, an important awareness and funding gap for neurological disorders remains. Evolving scientific knowledge, technological advances, and socioeconomic burden of neurological diseases continue to shape strategic priorities for neurological research. In the next 5 years, European neurological research policies need to focus first and foremost on increasing resources and on fostering international collaboration for large-scale data acquisition, addressing the rising demand for brain-specific biomarkers and effective treatments, enhancing equal access to patient care, and performing systematic studies on developing effective prevention strategies.