The goal of neurological rehabilitation is to reduce the sequalae of neurological diseases and to improve patients’ well-being in terms of reducing disability, impairment, and handicap. Neurological rehabilitation necessarily requires a multidisciplinary approach linking together experts from many fields, including physicians with a background in neurology and rehabilitation medicine, occupational and physical therapists, neuropsychologists and speech pathologists, and social workers. It is promising that over the last two decades, neurological rehabilitation has become a field of applied neuroscience. Nevertheless, academically, the neurorehabilitation field is expanding into areas such as philosophy and sociology to gain a better understanding of goals and principles beyond the pure neuro-scientific approach. Furthermore, aspects of advocacy, education, and political action are becoming clearer. This chapter will address principles of neurological rehabilitation as well as recent advances in this field.