This chapter examines the third generation of negotiations between the Maduro regime and the opposition from 2019 to 2024. The involvement of the Kingdom of Norway as the mediator, a new reconfiguration of power between the regime and the opposition as an opposition-led interim government emerged, and the increased involvement of the United States characterized this phase of negotiations. Shifts in the United States’ foreign policy add more complexities to the negotiation process during this period, transitioning from a hawkish Trump Administration to a compromising Biden Administration. Although negotiation efforts led to partial agreements and joint statements—such as the “Partial Agreement on the Promotion of Political Rights and Electoral Guarantees for All” between the regime and the opposition platform PUD—the former failed to honor its commitments, and enforcement remained intangible and unattainable. Despite progress made in terms of securing minimum symbolic agreements, the deadlock under conditions of HUSSS persisted, and negotiations collapsed.

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Third Generation of Venezuelan Negotiations (2019–2024)

  • Marian Vidaurri

摘要

This chapter examines the third generation of negotiations between the Maduro regime and the opposition from 2019 to 2024. The involvement of the Kingdom of Norway as the mediator, a new reconfiguration of power between the regime and the opposition as an opposition-led interim government emerged, and the increased involvement of the United States characterized this phase of negotiations. Shifts in the United States’ foreign policy add more complexities to the negotiation process during this period, transitioning from a hawkish Trump Administration to a compromising Biden Administration. Although negotiation efforts led to partial agreements and joint statements—such as the “Partial Agreement on the Promotion of Political Rights and Electoral Guarantees for All” between the regime and the opposition platform PUD—the former failed to honor its commitments, and enforcement remained intangible and unattainable. Despite progress made in terms of securing minimum symbolic agreements, the deadlock under conditions of HUSSS persisted, and negotiations collapsed.