Oil spills pose a major environmental and economic challenge, affecting ecosystems and communities worldwide. This chapter offers a thorough review of both traditional and emerging techniques for oil spill remediation, examining the effectiveness of physical, thermal, chemical, and biological methods. While conventional approaches have had some success, they often struggle under varying environmental conditions. Bioremediation, which utilizes microbes to break down hydrocarbons, is a promising solution, particularly when enhanced with modern strategies like bioaugmentation and bio stimulation. Recent breakthroughs in nanotechnology have introduced innovative solutions, including magnetic nanomaterials, nano-based emulsifiers, and specialized nutrient delivery systems, all of which improve oil absorption and stimulate microbial activity. The combination of nanotechnology and bioremediation shows promise for accelerating the breakdown of hydrocarbons while minimizing ecological harm. Future efforts will focus on developing biodegradable, eco-friendly nanomaterials, refining nanostructure designs for better oil capture, and extending their use in remote areas. This chapter advocates for a combined approach that integrates traditional remediation methods with advanced nanotechnology to offer effective, sustainable solutions for oil spill cleanup.