Water resources, as one of the natural resources essential for human survival, are facing a severe crisis. With the acceleration of global industrialization and urbanization, the discharge of industrial wastewater, agricultural runoff, and domestic sewage has led to increasingly serious water pollution. These pollutants include heavy metal ions (such as Pb, Cd, and Hg), organic pollutants (such as dyes, drug residues, and pesticides), and microplastics, which seriously affect the ecological environment, animal and plant health, and human quality of life. In addition, water scarcity and deterioration of water quality have further exacerbated the global water crisis. According to the United Nations’ 2021 Water Resources Report, at least one-third of the global population is facing varying degrees of water scarcity, with the issue of safe and clean drinking water supply being particularly prominent. At present, traditional water treatment technologies include adsorption, membrane filtration, chemical precipitation, photocatalytic degradation, etc. Although these technologies have to some extent solved the problem of water pollution, they still face issues such as low efficiency, high costs, secondary pollution, susceptibility to pollution, and poor durability.