By this point in the book, it is evident that the challenges of regulationRegulation in South Africa’sAfrica network industriesNetwork industries are not isolated phenomena. Each sector has its own legal frameworks, technical complexities, and political histories, but they are all embeddedEmbedded in a common institutional terrain marked by regulatory fragmentation, blurred accountabilityAccountability, and unresolved tensions between state ownership and regulatory independenceRegulatory independence. This lived reality has come at the expense of leveraging the network industries to enable growth and development. Expectedly, the South African environment mirrors similar situations in other developing countries reviewed in this book. As explored throughout the book, this is about a chasm between the pursuit of authority versus the drive for results that impact the economy and society positively.