Environmental pollution, including air, water, soil, and plastic contamination remains one of the most pressing challenges of the twenty-first century, driven by industrialization, population growth, and unsustainable resource use. Conventional remediation approaches often fall short due to their cost, inefficiency, or environmental burden, prompting the need for innovative, eco-friendly alternatives. This chapter explores the critical role of micro and nano bio-based materials as emerging solutions for pollution control. These materials, derived from renewable biological sources, exhibit unique surface chemistry, high reactivity, and biocompatibility that enable effective removal or degradation of diverse pollutants. The mechanisms such as adsorption, catalytic degradation, microbial decomposition, and membrane filtration are discussed in relation to their application in air purification, wastewater treatment, soil remediation, and mitigation of plastic and microplastic pollution. The chapter highlights how surface-modified and functionalized bio-nanomaterials can enhance performance while minimizing ecological impact. Through a synthesis of current research and case studies, the chapter emphasizes the transformative potential of integrating micro- and nano-scale bio-based technologies into sustainable pollution control strategies, paving the way for greener, circular, and more resilient environmental management systems.