The proliferation of Electric Vehicles (EVs) has introduced novel challenges in vehicle dynamics and energy management, and braking systems are not an exception. This paper presents an analytical study on EV braking strategies, focusing on the relationship between braking distribution and regenerative braking system potential. We introduce a new methodology for benchmarking these systems, applied initially to a high-performance EV, laying the foundation for future comprehensive market analyses. Our approach begins with an analytical study of powertrain architecture's influence on braking energy regeneration, followed by a theoretical market study across various EV types. We reflect on diverse potential strategies, from maximizing regenerative braking to prioritizing stability and consistent brake load distribution. In order to gain a deeper understanding of the preferred strategies in the market, an advanced brake distribution test methodology has been developed, able to quantify the dynamic management of brake distribution between regenerative and friction brake. Key findings from our pilot benchmarking study show that the novel test methodology effectively achieves its objectives, and highlights how the tested high-performance EV selected for this study prioritized stability and consistent braking distribution throughout the entire deceleration range over maximizing the energy recovery allowed by the powertrain hardware. This approach enables regenerative braking contribution even at high deceleration levels and during ABS activation, effectively allowing for brake system right-sizing even in sporty driving applications. Whereas this strategy proves effective for a dual-motor vehicle with considerable e-machine capacity, the study highlights the intricate relationship between powertrain architecture and brake sizing, suggesting areas for further research as the industry moves towards brake-by-wire systems and independent axle brake actuation. In conclusion, this research underscores the complexity of optimizing EV brake systems and proposes a framework for evaluating braking strategies. It contributes to the evolving field of EV technology, offering insights for developing more efficient, safer, and user-friendly electric vehicles.

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Regenerative Braking Strategies in EVs: The Balance Between Efficiency, Stability, and Right-Sizing

  • Héctor Garcés,
  • Daniel Seller,
  • Fabio Squadrani,
  • Narcís Molina

摘要

The proliferation of Electric Vehicles (EVs) has introduced novel challenges in vehicle dynamics and energy management, and braking systems are not an exception. This paper presents an analytical study on EV braking strategies, focusing on the relationship between braking distribution and regenerative braking system potential. We introduce a new methodology for benchmarking these systems, applied initially to a high-performance EV, laying the foundation for future comprehensive market analyses. Our approach begins with an analytical study of powertrain architecture's influence on braking energy regeneration, followed by a theoretical market study across various EV types. We reflect on diverse potential strategies, from maximizing regenerative braking to prioritizing stability and consistent brake load distribution. In order to gain a deeper understanding of the preferred strategies in the market, an advanced brake distribution test methodology has been developed, able to quantify the dynamic management of brake distribution between regenerative and friction brake. Key findings from our pilot benchmarking study show that the novel test methodology effectively achieves its objectives, and highlights how the tested high-performance EV selected for this study prioritized stability and consistent braking distribution throughout the entire deceleration range over maximizing the energy recovery allowed by the powertrain hardware. This approach enables regenerative braking contribution even at high deceleration levels and during ABS activation, effectively allowing for brake system right-sizing even in sporty driving applications. Whereas this strategy proves effective for a dual-motor vehicle with considerable e-machine capacity, the study highlights the intricate relationship between powertrain architecture and brake sizing, suggesting areas for further research as the industry moves towards brake-by-wire systems and independent axle brake actuation. In conclusion, this research underscores the complexity of optimizing EV brake systems and proposes a framework for evaluating braking strategies. It contributes to the evolving field of EV technology, offering insights for developing more efficient, safer, and user-friendly electric vehicles.