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On its operational level, modern science is not uniquely Western, for its founders picked up and developed two practices found in the ancient Mediterranean world and transmitted by Muslim scholars: the use of mathematics and the practice of experimentation. But scientific practices have still more ancient roots. They are refined versions of activities that give rise to everyday practical knowledge in all societies. These include observation-based reasoning, counting and measurement, and reliance on the core cognitive categories that all humans share. Modern science transforms these everyday activities. It extends and makes precise the scope of observation by the use of instruments, it standardizes the practice of measurement, and it transforms our core cognitive categories while also guarding against the errors to which they are prone.

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The Roots of Scientific Practice

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Gregory W. Dawes

摘要

On its operational level, modern science is not uniquely Western, for its founders picked up and developed two practices found in the ancient Mediterranean world and transmitted by Muslim scholars: the use of mathematics and the practice of experimentation. But scientific practices have still more ancient roots. They are refined versions of activities that give rise to everyday practical knowledge in all societies. These include observation-based reasoning, counting and measurement, and reliance on the core cognitive categories that all humans share. Modern science transforms these everyday activities. It extends and makes precise the scope of observation by the use of instruments, it standardizes the practice of measurement, and it transforms our core cognitive categories while also guarding against the errors to which they are prone.