This chapter, drawn primarily from secondary sources, outlines the scope of the air war in Span during the Spanish Civil WarSpanish Civil War, 1936–1939, and especially emphasizes the bombing of civilians as a primary part of that air conflict. Passive defense is also introduced as the Spanish concept meant to protect civilians from bombing, or civil defense as we’d be more likely to say now. Another focus is the fear that gas or chemical weapons would be used in Spain. The intent is to set up the rest of the book from here.