This Chapter explores the multifaceted issue of water pollution and contamination, focusing on the industrial, agricultural, and urban activities that contribute significantly to the degradation of water quality. The chapter synthesizes current knowledge on key pollutants, their environmental and public health impacts, and strategies for mitigation. The chapter identifies that industrial activities are major contributors to water contamination through the release of heavy metals, hydrocarbons, and chemical effluents into water bodies. Agricultural practices, particularly the overuse of fertilizers and pesticides, were linked to nutrient enrichment and chemical residues in both surface and groundwater. Urbanization was found to exacerbate microbial pollution, plastic waste accumulation, and the overall burden on already strained water infrastructure. Across all domains, the consequences of pollution included ecosystem disruption, biodiversity loss, increased waterborne diseases, and threats to food and water security. The chapter emphasizes that addressing these complex and overlapping sources of pollution requires a shift towards integrated water management strategies. Such approaches should harmonize industrial regulation, sustainable farming techniques, urban infrastructure planning, and public engagement. From the principles of sustainable development perspective, these strategies are critical for safeguarding water resources, promoting environmental justice, and achieving long-term water security in line with global targets such as Sustainable Development Goal 6.