The Spectral Class: Female Servants in Victorian Ghost Stories
摘要
Victorian female servants can be considered a “spectral class” in three senses: culturally, these workers were expected to be silent and invisible within the home; in ghost stories, they are often represented as more aware of ghosts than their employers and male workers; and in criticism of the ghost story, they have yet to be a primary subject of study. Although actual female servants of the time were doubly dispossessed, as women and as members of the working class, ghost stories provide an alternative view. This chapter takes Elizabeth Gaskell’s “The Old Nurse’s Story” (1852), the anonymously-authored “The Story of Clifford House” (1878), and Margaret Oliphant’s “The Open Door” (1882) as case studies for how ghost-seeing and ghost-knowing can empower female domestic workers as they gain access their employers’ secrets, the strength to protect themselves and others from harm, and the chance to vocalize their own needs and concerns.