This chapter explores the great danger of new pollutants in the water that come from the industry, which are persistent, bioaccumulative, and carry hazardous properties that affect both the environment and human health in a series of chapters. ECs cover a wide range of pollutants, drugs, and products for personal use (PPCPs), microparticles, synthetic organic fluorine compounds (PFAS), pesticides, surfactants, and plasticizers. The substances find their way into the water indirectly from effluent from wastewater, discharge from industries, farming runoff, and improper disposal of waste. They are unlikely to be removed by traditional water treatment methods, so they can be found in sediments and aquatic animals in high concentration, because they have properties of persistence. Therefore, they may cause long-term ecological risks such as endocrine disruption, physiological impairments in aquatic species, and trophic-level bioaccumulation. This chapter further investigates advanced technologies for treatment of pollutants membrane bioreactors, reverse osmosis, constructed wetlands, and biological processes as a source of hope in eliminating ECs. And it details the instruments that it is possible to increase the accuracy of pollutant detection and monitoring, among them the mass spectrometry of high resolution (HRMS), immunochemical assay, biosensors, and microbial indicators. The chapter outlines the need for a multidisciplinary approach, as science and technology, regulation, and changes in the individual behavior should all be included in the fight against the contaminant pollution. Such a strategy would be essential to tackling the problem of emerging contaminants that threaten aquatic ecosystems, addressing climate change, and guaranteeing the availability of water resources to future generations.