Numerous emerging pollutants (EPs) have entered the environment as a result of recent decades’ intense agricultural practices, fast industrialization, and urbanization. Pharmaceuticals, personal care items, microplastics, and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are among the pollutants that pose significant concerns because of their toxicity to human health and ecosystems, as well as their persistence and capacity for bioaccumulation. The many sources of EPs, including home waste, agricultural runoff, and industrial emissions, as well as their intricate behaviors in soil, water, and air, are examined in this chapter. The transport mechanisms, environmental destiny, and transformation processes of EPs are examined, with a focus on how microbial activity, physicochemical characteristics, and weather affect their mobility and degradation. The chapter emphasizes how anthropogenic activity and environmental deterioration are interconnected via case studies including the Ennore oil disaster, Yokkaichi asthma event, and Yamuna River pollution. It also emphasizes sophisticated monitoring techniques, risk analyses, and legislative measures meant to lessen the effects of EP. The chapter promotes integrated, multidisciplinary methods to comprehend and sustainably handle the rising problem of emerging contaminants.