Emerging Contaminants (ECs), such as pharmaceuticals, personal care products, microplastics and nanomaterials, are more often detected in different environmental sectors and present significant threats to ecological and human health. Due to their variability in the sources and persistence in the ecosystems, their detection, treatment and regulation become intricate. This chapter offers an overview on the type of ECs their sources, environmental effects and human health impacts, existing treatment technologies and key challenges in their management. While recent research in analytical techniques and remediation technologies has enhanced our capacity to detect and remove these pollutants, constraints in cost-effectiveness and flexibility to tackle complex mixtures of contaminants persist. This chapter emphasises the requirements for integrated management strategies that merge enhanced monitoring, source control, new technologies, inter disciplinary research and sound policy frameworks. The future directions emphasise that sensitive analytical instruments need to be developed, ECs need to be controlled at the source and holistic treatment approaches should be followed to avoid their long-term environment and public health implications.