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Assessment of oxygen saturation for biological tissues is crucial in many medical applications. A non-contact oxygenation measurement is important in clinical scenarios, for example, emergency situations and imaging-guided surgery, because non-contact measurement will speed up the measurement preparation by eliminating the need for cleaning skin and sensor for hygrine and placement of sensor. Near-infrared spectroscopy stands out as a key technology for probing tissue oxygenation. Non-contact measurement requires precise estimation of the distance between the tissue and the probe. However, high precision light detection and ranging in the near-infrared region is challenging to achieve when targeting biological tissues due to the strong light scattering. This challenge limits the design of non-contact instruments for oxygenation assessment. Aim: The aim is to utilize time-of-flight (ToF) sensors to accurately determine both oxygenation (optical properties (OP), i.e., absorption and scattering coefficients) of biological tissues and the distance to these tissues. Methods: Model-based direct ToF (DToF) models were built with a focus on highly scattering objects. A simulation study was performed to determine the OPs and distances. Two simulation tests were performed for a scattering object placed at 30 cm and 62 cm away. To demonstrate that the ToF measurements are sensitive to the OPs of the scattering object, we placed a tissue-mimicking phantom at 62 cm from the measurement plane, formed by a pulsed laser coupled to a collimator and a pinhole, while a single photon avalanche camera next to the emission point captures the ToF signals at four different wavelengths. Results: In both cases, the retrieved OPs and distances were very close to the reference parameters with <0.5% average error, showing the accuracy of the optimization process. The multi-spectral ToF measurements confirmed the simulation. Conclusion: We developed a model-based DToF approach for precise oxygenation measurement at a distance. This method holds great potential for non-contact oxygenation measurements, offering valuable insights for various clinical scenarios.

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Non-contact Oxygenation Assessment of Biological Tissues Based on a Time-of-Flight Method

  • 会议论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Jingjing Jiang,
  • Letizia Lanini,
  • Djazia Yacheur,
  • Tong Li,
  • Meret Ackermann,
  • Emanuele Russomanno,
  • Aldo Di Costanzo Mata,
  • Martin Wolf,
  • Alexander Kalyanov

摘要

Assessment of oxygen saturation for biological tissues is crucial in many medical applications. A non-contact oxygenation measurement is important in clinical scenarios, for example, emergency situations and imaging-guided surgery, because non-contact measurement will speed up the measurement preparation by eliminating the need for cleaning skin and sensor for hygrine and placement of sensor. Near-infrared spectroscopy stands out as a key technology for probing tissue oxygenation. Non-contact measurement requires precise estimation of the distance between the tissue and the probe. However, high precision light detection and ranging in the near-infrared region is challenging to achieve when targeting biological tissues due to the strong light scattering. This challenge limits the design of non-contact instruments for oxygenation assessment. Aim: The aim is to utilize time-of-flight (ToF) sensors to accurately determine both oxygenation (optical properties (OP), i.e., absorption and scattering coefficients) of biological tissues and the distance to these tissues. Methods: Model-based direct ToF (DToF) models were built with a focus on highly scattering objects. A simulation study was performed to determine the OPs and distances. Two simulation tests were performed for a scattering object placed at 30 cm and 62 cm away. To demonstrate that the ToF measurements are sensitive to the OPs of the scattering object, we placed a tissue-mimicking phantom at 62 cm from the measurement plane, formed by a pulsed laser coupled to a collimator and a pinhole, while a single photon avalanche camera next to the emission point captures the ToF signals at four different wavelengths. Results: In both cases, the retrieved OPs and distances were very close to the reference parameters with <0.5% average error, showing the accuracy of the optimization process. The multi-spectral ToF measurements confirmed the simulation. Conclusion: We developed a model-based DToF approach for precise oxygenation measurement at a distance. This method holds great potential for non-contact oxygenation measurements, offering valuable insights for various clinical scenarios.