Soils are the basis of life. The basics of soil science, evaluating and improving one's own soil, and managing it with knowledge and appreciation can be learned in the school garden through understanding, sustainably managing, and protecting it. Methods such as composting, careful tillage, mulching, green manuring, favorable crop rotation, and minimal compaction can keep soil fertile and vibrant in the long term. This chapter presents a basic course in soil science to help teachers and students understand and manage soil in school gardens. All of the activities described here can be done with students, including tillage, mulching, composting, and several simple field methods for determining soil quality.