Prisons and psychiatric institutions, along with the criminal justice system, are remnants of colonial infrastructures that target racialized groups as a form of control; the overrepresentation of African Canadian individuals in these systems is not coincidental. They operate under carceral logics, which assert that criminality must be addressed through punitive confinement and persecutorial incarceration (Davis et al., 2022). Carceral logics further illustrate how racism criminalizes neurodivergence and mental illness, contributing to higher incarceration rates among those with psychiatric disabilities, disproportionately affecting African Canadian youth. Abolitionist theorists Angela Davis and Mariame Kaba critique punitive and carceral systems, advocating for their abolition through dismantlement and the reimagining of transformative and restorative justice. Therefore, African indigenous resurgence is required reimagining of carceral practices that moves away from existing repressive surveillance, control, and punishment towards fostering care through African Indigenous approaches. The poor outcomes of the carceral system for African Canadian youth have prompted an alternative approach in the form of Boot Camp for young offenders. However, the boot camp’s results are also inadequate. This is likely because the boot camp for young offenders operates based on existing Eurocentric carceral logics, which are unsuitable for incarcerated African Canadian youth. This chapter compares the negative outcome of the boot camp with the positive outcomes of Adinkra Farm. This non-government-run program employs abolitionist strategies rooted in African Indigenous approaches, African ancestral healing practices, and social justice principles. It emphasizes restorative justice and culturally specific initiatives that serve young adults and homeless youth of African descent in Ontario. Adinkra Farm integrates African Indigenous methods that prioritize community and holistic healing methodologies, recognizing individuals as vital members of their families, communities, and cultures. These practices and techniques are profoundly anchored in African traditions, underscoring ancestral ways of being and African spirituality while moving away from the school-to-prison pipeline (Davis, 2016). Moreover, Adinkra Farm supports African Canadian youth clients by facilitating the expungement of their criminal records upon successful completion of the program. Additionally, the African Indigenous program provides structured support for managing substance use disorder and has reportedly shown lower rates of reoffending compared to conventional youth correctional facilities in Ontario. This comparison of the impacts of Eurocentric carceral approaches and African Indigenous approaches offers a powerful lesson for policymakers, the judiciary, and social workers. African Indigenous approaches highlight the urgent need for African Indigenous programs for incarcerated African Canadian youth management and further expose that the criminal justice system continues to fail African Canadian youth by criminalizing rather than supporting them.

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From Jailer to Healer: Reimagining Justice, Addictions and Mental Health; Afrocentric Alternatives and Carceral Psychiatric Logics

  • Ebenezer Inkumsah

摘要

Prisons and psychiatric institutions, along with the criminal justice system, are remnants of colonial infrastructures that target racialized groups as a form of control; the overrepresentation of African Canadian individuals in these systems is not coincidental. They operate under carceral logics, which assert that criminality must be addressed through punitive confinement and persecutorial incarceration (Davis et al., 2022). Carceral logics further illustrate how racism criminalizes neurodivergence and mental illness, contributing to higher incarceration rates among those with psychiatric disabilities, disproportionately affecting African Canadian youth. Abolitionist theorists Angela Davis and Mariame Kaba critique punitive and carceral systems, advocating for their abolition through dismantlement and the reimagining of transformative and restorative justice. Therefore, African indigenous resurgence is required reimagining of carceral practices that moves away from existing repressive surveillance, control, and punishment towards fostering care through African Indigenous approaches. The poor outcomes of the carceral system for African Canadian youth have prompted an alternative approach in the form of Boot Camp for young offenders. However, the boot camp’s results are also inadequate. This is likely because the boot camp for young offenders operates based on existing Eurocentric carceral logics, which are unsuitable for incarcerated African Canadian youth. This chapter compares the negative outcome of the boot camp with the positive outcomes of Adinkra Farm. This non-government-run program employs abolitionist strategies rooted in African Indigenous approaches, African ancestral healing practices, and social justice principles. It emphasizes restorative justice and culturally specific initiatives that serve young adults and homeless youth of African descent in Ontario. Adinkra Farm integrates African Indigenous methods that prioritize community and holistic healing methodologies, recognizing individuals as vital members of their families, communities, and cultures. These practices and techniques are profoundly anchored in African traditions, underscoring ancestral ways of being and African spirituality while moving away from the school-to-prison pipeline (Davis, 2016). Moreover, Adinkra Farm supports African Canadian youth clients by facilitating the expungement of their criminal records upon successful completion of the program. Additionally, the African Indigenous program provides structured support for managing substance use disorder and has reportedly shown lower rates of reoffending compared to conventional youth correctional facilities in Ontario. This comparison of the impacts of Eurocentric carceral approaches and African Indigenous approaches offers a powerful lesson for policymakers, the judiciary, and social workers. African Indigenous approaches highlight the urgent need for African Indigenous programs for incarcerated African Canadian youth management and further expose that the criminal justice system continues to fail African Canadian youth by criminalizing rather than supporting them.