This chapter examines the over-policing and criminalization of young Black men’s mental health in Canada through the theoretical lens of critical anti-Black racism, a combination of critical race and anti-Black racism theories. The recent police killings of young Black men experiencing mental health crises serve as a consistent reminder of the potential consequences that Black men, particularly young Black men, may experience when they publicly express symptoms of mental distress. Often, acknowledging the mental health challenges of young Black men leads to criminalization, leaving their challenges unaddressed and often worsened by injury at the hands of the carceral state and the deepening of the social and economic realities that may have contributed to their unfavourable mental state. The ongoing policing of young Black men living with mental health challenges demonstrates the precarity and devaluation of Black lives. Utilizing both historical and contemporary examples through an in-depth literature review, the authors will chart the experiences of young Black men living with mental health challenges under the ever-present and punitive surveillance of the criminal justice system. The chapter will conclude with recommendations for improvement to policies, research, and social work practices that directly impact understandings of and responses to the mental health challenges faced by young Black men. These improvements are necessary to ensure that young Black men living with mental health challenges can live full lives free of the threat of criminalization and lives in which their mental health needs are met.