Supply chain management in road freight transport has gained strategic significance within the Spanish economy, emerging as a critical factor driving its development. Consequently, companies operating in the sector have prioritized the economic optimization of their operations. However, the growing importance of road transport extends beyond economic concerns, increasingly influencing environmental and social sustainability. In this context, the present study conducts an empirical analysis to examine the implementation status of some sustainability initiatives that impact the performance of road freight transport. By analysing data from 368 Spanish road transportation companies, the researchers have identified the benchmark sustainability initiatives within the country. Our research reveals a clear disconnect between the initiatives regarded as crucial in the academic literature—such as fleet modernization and decarbonization targets—and those prioritized in practice. This gap highlights the need to realign managerial focus with evidence-based priorities. Academically, the study refines the understanding of current sustainability practices and identifies benchmark initiatives, offering a foundation for future research to develop performance indicators across the economic, social, and environmental pillars of sustainability. For policymakers, the findings suggest areas where targeted interventions could bridge the theory and practice divide. Practitioners are advised to adopt widely implemented, high-impact strategies to enhance both environmental performance and operational efficiency.