Critical minerals and rare earth elements are crucial for the development of renewable energy infrastructures, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems. With the advancement of energy transition in the digital world, there is an escalating demand for these minerals. The Indian government has launched several initiatives to promote the domestic production of critical minerals, including the National Critical Minerals Mission and the auctioning of exploration licensing for critical minerals. Khanij Bidesh India Ltd. (KABIL) identifies and acquires overseas mineral assets that are critical and strategic in nature. Recently, the government has identified several critical mineral deposits, including lithium in Jammu and Kashmir, and rare earth elements in Odisha and Andhra Pradesh. Economic extraction of critical minerals from secondary sources like e-waste, tailings, coal ash, and waste rocks can significantly reduce India’s import dependence and environmental concerns. Advanced recycling technologies can recover these valuable minerals, promoting a circular economy and supporting India’s green energy transition and net-zero emission goals. The Ministry of Mines, Geological Survey of India, Indian Bureau of Mines, and other institutions, including CSIR laboratories, play a crucial role in mapping, extraction, and recycling of critical minerals. Despite of several challenges in securing critical minerals in terms of import and environmental aspects, there are significant opportunities for India to strengthened regulatory framework and develop a robust critical mineral supply chain. By encouraging private sector participation in harnessing the domestic resources and recycling, India can reduce its reliance on imports and achieve its net-zero emission aspirations. This transition requires a coordinated effort between government institutions, private sectors, and research organizations to ensure a sustainable and responsible critical mineral supply chain in India.