In the post-monsoon season, a stratified approach using grab sampling methodology was tried to sample from 36 locations in order to determine the impact of precipitation and altitude on the distribution of groundwater arsenic and fluoride in Chandrapur district, central India. The acid digestion method was used for arsenic concentration measurement with the help of Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy and fluoride by SPANDS method. The generated primary data on the concentrations of these groundwater contaminants was divided into five altitudes and four precipitation ranges to ascertain their impact on their distribution. It is observed that a higher precipitation range (1801–1917 mm) leads to the maximum dissolution of arsenic (0.0338 mg/L) and fluoride (1.42 mg/L), which enter groundwater from the minerals and ores found in the Earth's crust. The lower precipitation ranges result in a lesser concentration of these contaminants. The maximum (0.0355 mg/L) average groundwater arsenic was observed at lower altitudes (152–179 m amsl) and minimum (0.0294 mg/L) at higher altitudes (261–287 m amsl). In the case of fluoride, contradictory to groundwater arsenic concentrations were observed. It was further observed that at various altitude levels, where groundwater arsenic was higher, fluoride concentration was lower, and vice versa, except in the altitude range of 207–233 m amsl, where both the contaminants concentrations were higher. The inhabitants residing in higher precipitation ranges (1801–1917 mm) and lower altitudes (152–179 m amsl) and medium altitudes (207–233 m amsl) are at higher health risk due to ingestion of groundwater contaminated with arsenic and fluoride. The precipitation has a positive impact on groundwater arsenic and fluoride distribution, whereas altitude has a negative impact on groundwater arsenic and a positive on groundwater fluoride distribution.