Food security constitutes a significant challenge in East Africa, shaped by political instability, government efficacy and conflict, all of which impact agricultural productivity and food distribution systems. This study employs a qualitative research design using a systematic literature review methodology to explore the intricate relationship between political stability and food security in the region. Data were collected from peer-reviewed journal articles, policy reports, and government documents published from 2019 to the present, accessed through databases such as Google Scholar, JSTOR, and ScienceDirect. Literature selection criteria included thematic relevance, methodological rigour and a geographical focus on East Africa. Guided by keywords such as ‘political stability’, ‘food security’ and ‘governance’, the study utilises thematic analysis to identify recurring patterns and trends. Key themes include the effects of governance on agricultural productivity, the importance of policy consistency in food distribution and the implications of conflict on access to food. Findings are presented in narrative form, emphasising thematic insights and regional case studies. The study underscores the need for transparent governance, infrastructure development and conflict resolution to improve food security. It contributes to theoretical discussions anchored in Governance and Development Theory and offers practical recommendations for policymakers and stakeholders committed to fostering food resilience in East Africa.