In Greek astronomy, the cosmosCosmos was conceived as an ordered and intelligible system, whose study formed an integral part of natural philosophy. Geometry, from the time of Eudoxus of CnidusEudoxus of Cnidus, was central to this vision, providing the means to describe celestial phenomena with logical precision. From the Renaissance onward, Western astronomy evolved within a mechanistic paradigm shaped by Greek rationalism, where mathematics and geometry became the principal tools for modeling the heavens. The Scientific Revolution reinforced this approach, coupling the geometric tradition with an emphasis on empirical verification: precise and repeatable observations—made possible by the invention of the telescope and the development of advanced measuring instruments—became the foundation of scientific theory. By the sixteenth century, the application of mathematics and geometry to celestial motions culminated in a view of the cosmos as a machine, governed by predictable physical laws and reducible to discrete components interacting in a deterministic fashion.