The article offers a comparative analysisAnalysis of the approach to the Blue EconomyBlue Economy (BE) of the Russian Federation (RF, RussiaRussia)Russian Federation (RF, Russia) and the People’s Republic of China (PRC)People’s Republic of China (PRC) concerning ArcticArctic sustainable development (SD)Sustainable Development (SD). The study characterizes the modern understanding of the SD theory and the Blue Economy. To identify common interests, a content analysis of the official opened doctrines of both statesState in terms of SD, Blue Economy, and the key directions of circumpolar policyPolicy of both actors has been presented. The historical retrospective of Arctic RussiaRussia and ChinaRussia and China relations from 1990 to 2023, with authors’ periodization of the stages of relations and the features of each stage, is proposed. In an aim to analyze current Russian–ChinaChina relations in the Arctic authors take two steps. By examining several joint logistics, energy, and scientific projects, this article seeks to lay an assessment of existing bilateral cooperationCooperation in the field of the Arctic SD. The possible ways of bilateral partnership in the Arctic SD have been identified. The hypothesis of the authors is that despite different approaches to the Arctic cooperation, demonstrated by RF and PRC, the states have a cognate view of environmental protection necessity and future development of the Arctic is one of the national priorities for both countries. Together with the Russian policy turn of recent years, the objective interest of each of the statesState in the partnership will determine its features in the future. In this regard, the provision of infrastructure in the region, increasing scientific partnership in the ArcticArctic, cooperation in the energetic field, and environmental protection may become promising areas for cooperationCooperation in the SD of the Arctic.