Background: In response to the global economic, social, and environmental crises, Latin America has been driving the advancement of the bioeconomy with a commitment to substitute fossil fuels with “renewable resources.” However, pressing questions arise regarding the backdrop of this proposal. Who stands to gain, and who might lose? Additionally, the agroecological approach raises fundamental inquiries about its usage and interventionist role in ecosystems and resources. Methodology: This paper investigates the scientific literature on issues related to agricultural bioeconomy by applying a bibliometric network analysis. Bibliometric analysis is applied to the publications of the Scopus database during the period 2010–2023 in order to provide an overview of the main aspects that characterize agricultural bioeconomy. Results: An “agroecological bioeconomic” perspective values the alternative of those who argue that agro industrial monocultures make farmers dependent on agrochemicals. Conclusions: External contributions undermine and distance the consumer’s knowledge base. In Latin America, defenders of this point of view come from the public and private sectors. Research institutes on organic farming and movements to support them including the organic department of specialized agricultural organizations and environmental NGOs. Therefore, this bibliographic review is motivated toward an agroecological bioeconomy.