Issues: Arthropods are animals with valuable ecosystem functions. Despite this, a small percentage under certain conditions are considered pests, leading to the use of pesticides for their control. This has resulted in environmental damage, such as the decline of wildlife. Objective: The main objective was to describe the impact of pesticide use on wildlife in South American countries. Methodology: The information used for this literature review was obtained through scientific articles and information from official documents extracted from scientific databases between 2000 and 2023. Results: A total of 124 reports were obtained, from which it can be concluded that vertebrates represent the highest percentage of affected animals (87%), being the most susceptible taxonomic group due to the use of pesticides belonging to the Class Actinopterygii. Argentina was the country with the most reports (n = 156) on the effects of pesticides and agrochemicals on animals, followed by Brazil (n = 153), while other countries have little information on the effects of these agrochemicals, pesticides, and herbicides, as is the case of Chile. Conclusions: Insecticides are the most widely used (49%), the main effects of which are bioaccumulation and genotoxicity. Glyphosate continues to be the most widely used in South America even though it is one of the most banned herbicides in many countries. It is necessary to closely monitor the effects generated on the different taxonomic groups of animals as this is a threat to biodiversity.