Forms of Experience: Art, Religion, and Politics
摘要
This chapter explores the concept of civility through the classical German philosophical triad of art, religion, and politics, rooted in Hegel’s dialectic of the Spirit (Geist). Drawing on ancient Athens, where the temple, bouleuterion, and theatre spatially embodied religious piety, political deliberation, and artistic catharsis, it frames these domains as interconnected forms of social integration within the polis. The analysis begins with Hegel’s systematic hierarchy: politics in the realm of objective spirit (family, civil society, state) as Sittlichkeit (ethical life grounded in custom and mutual recognition), surpassed by the absolute spirit’s progression from art (sensuous self-expression) through religion (imaginative truth) to philosophy (conceptual fulfilment). Subsequent sections examine post-Hegelian responses. Nietzsche and Heidegger radicalize the tradition, emphasizing art’s religious origins via the Apollonian-Dionysian duality and earth–world strife respectively, while often sidelining or critiquing politics. In contrast, Max Weber and Thomas Mann defend and transmit Hegelian insights, portraying the German Bildungsbürgertum’s cultured civility (Bürgerlichkeit) as a Protestant-infused habitus linking religion, culture, and restrained politics, tragically destroyed by twentieth-century totalitarianism. Despite the intellectuals’ personal failings and complicity in decline, this European tradition of civility offers practical wisdom for social regeneration, as the Münster school of Joachim Ritter proves.