Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) is a versatile grain known for its resilience to adverse climatic conditions, making it a valuable resource for food security and beyond. This chapter comprehensively examines the chemical composition of pearl millet, with a focus on starch isolation, modifications, functionality, and its diverse applications in both food and non-food sectors. The grain’s composition, characterized by small, nutritious grains rich in essential amino acids, dietary fiber, and lipids comparable to maize, underscores its nutritional significance. Starch isolation methods and techniques for pearl millet are explored in detail, emphasizing the potential for its utilization as a sustainable and underutilized starch source. Modifications, including physical, mechanical, and enzymatic approaches, are critically analyzed for enhancing the functionality of pearl millet starch (PMS), enabling its wider application in various food products. Beyond its traditional culinary uses, pearl millet finds application in non-food sectors such as animal feed, biofuel production, soil improvement, erosion control, crafts, and ornamental gardening. This chapter underscores the various properties of pearl millet, highlighting its potential to address food security challenges, contribute to sustainable agricultural practices, and offer versatile solutions across diverse industries.