Artificial intelligence (AI) and computer vision (CV) are increasingly shaping small bowel and colorectal surgery, enhancing diagnostic accuracy, surgical precision, and postoperative care. In preoperative planning, AI enables advanced imaging analysis, three-dimensional modeling, and risk prediction, supporting personalized surgical strategies. For inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer, AI-assisted endoscopy improves lesion detection, classification, and staging, while predictive models aid in assessing metastatic risk. Intraoperatively, AI integrates with optical sensing, fluorescence-guided imaging, and robotic platforms to optimize tissue identification, perfusion assessment, and real-time decision-making. Postoperatively, machine learning algorithms predict complications such as ileus and anastomotic leaks, and deep learning enhances histopathological evaluation and therapy selection. Despite existing technical, ethical, and regulatory challenges, the convergence of AI, CV, and robotics is poised to transform colorectal surgery, advancing precision medicine and improving patient outcomes.