The integration of robotics into medical applications marks a significant evolution in healthcare, with medical robots transitioning from experimental prototypes to commercial surgical systems that are now market leaders for many surgical procedures in urology, gynecology, cardiothoracic, and general surgery. In parallel, artificial intelligence (AI) capabilities have expanded to include sophisticated functions like interpreting medical imaging data and predicting surgical workflow tasks. Today, the dynamic synergy between robotics and AI is transforming robotic systems from passive surgical tools to increasingly autonomous agents. It comes as no surprise that the aerospace community showed interest in the application of medical robotics for space missions. Deep space exploration introduces a host of challenges for astronauts, including heightened injury risks, scarcity of medical resources, and extended distance and travel duration. When faced with trauma and emergency conditions in space, traditional telemedicine becomes impractical, as does attempting a return to Earth. Autonomous robotics may become the only viable solution to support the crew and medical staff effectively. In this chapter, we will examine the medical and technical challenges of long-duration space travel and how state-of-the-art autonomous medical robotic solutions could potentially address them. Our goal is to showcase the challenges and potential of autonomous medical robotics and AI to equip future space missions with the best possible medical support.