Plant growth-promoting bacteria such as Azospirillum inhabit the rhizosphere of a large number of C3 and C4 plants. Their association with a wide variety of plants in different types of soils and climatic conditions reflects their resilience and adaptability due to the various mechanisms they possess to cope with the environmental stresses encountered in the rhizosphere or adjacent soils. These stresses include submergence, drought, salinity, thermal stress, oxidative stress, nutrient stress/starvation (carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and iron), and competition with other microbes of the rhizosphere. Here, we have discussed how different types of stresses are handled by A. brasilense under given stressful conditions and how A. brasilense confers growth advantage to its host plants under adverse environmental conditions. In order to survive in fluctuating environmental conditions, A. brasilense uses “two-component systems” and “alternative σ factors” to sense and quickly respond to stressful situations. We have also given some protocols that are used for studying the effect of various stresses on A. brasilense at the phenotypic as well as protein levels (enzymatic assays and 2D gel electrophoresis).