Bioeconomy monitoring tracks the progress of bioeconomy towards its strategic objectives, enabling informed decision-making and timely adjustments. A Bioeconomy Monitoring System (BMS) is vital for assessing the environmental, economic and social impacts of bioeconomy, addressing its complexity and potential trade-offs. The system must be well-structured, covering all dimensions of sustainability, and provide reliable information across sectors and across the territory at different scales. Essential components of a BMS include a data collection and storage infrastructure, methods and tools for data processing and evaluation and tools for regular reporting and dissemination. The design and implementation of a BMS involve three key stages: conceptualisation, where the scope and framework are defined; implementation, focusing on indicator selection and data processing; assessment and communication, evaluating trends and communicating results. The EU Bioeconomy Monitoring System was developed to track progress towards the EU Bioeconomy Strategy’s objectives. This system, managed by the Joint Research Centre (JRC), relies on existing data sources to ensure consistency with international frameworks. Some EU Member States have also developed national BMSs, with Germany and Finland leading efforts. The BMS are essential for achieving a sustainable bioeconomy and require continuous updates and revisions to adapt to changing priorities and knowledge advances.