Paul Ekman’s foundational work suggested universal facial expressions for basic emotions, but recent cross-cultural studies reveal significant variability. Research articles summarized in this chapter show that even within the same culture, individuals misinterpret emotions like fear and surprise, influenced by social value orientations and cultural norms. Eastern cultures tend to express negative emotions more openly than Western ones, and virtual communication has disrupted emotional expressivity in cultures reliant on physical touch. Biological factors like oxytocin receptor density were explored but found insufficient to explain cultural differences. Instead, social value orientation and cultural beliefs play stronger roles, shaping emotional expression through expectations and reinforcement. These findings challenge the universality of emotional expressions and highlight the importance of multimodal cues—facial, vocal, and physical—in emotional communication. Understanding these nuances enhances cross-cultural empathy and underscores the complex interplay between biology, culture, and social context in emotional expression. Disclaimer: The summaries in this chapter were generated from Springer Nature publications using generative AI. The content was curated by the editor to meet Springer Nature publication standards. As the constituted sentences are machine-created, they may not fully reflect the body of the work, so we strongly advise that the original content be read and cited.