To understand the significance of the current ecological crisis from a systemic point of view and to provide a qualitative-quantitative framework on the global health state of the Earth, studies were carried out using Landscape Bionomy principles and methods. Thus, data on the Transformation deficit at Global scale are provided: note that from 1880 to 2020, the environmental potentiality of self-recovering of our Planet decreased from 88% to 64.3%, with a 4% tolerance: a difference of −23.7%! The compensation capacity for the increase in CO2 disappeared. A synthetic framework on the health state of Spain, France, Germany, Italy and UK is also provided. At the Regional scale (Lombardy and Trentino), in the Alpine Parks, whose forests have an ecological efficiency CBSt 1/3 higher than other Parks, it doesn’t exceed the average value of 33%, but in other forest CBSt = 23.75. This alteration is primarily due to the change in the types of forest that developed in Lombardy during this period. Starting from 1890, the growth of coppice forests and the consequent decrease in temperate-deciduous forests have been robust: today we have 67% of coppiced, 23% of Boreal-Alpine, and only 8.5% of high-stem Temperate! Concerning the agricultural landscapes, if we compare the three types—Protective, Productive, and Industrial- following the bionomic parameters, we can measure sharp differences. An example of the Alpine agrarian landscapes, the best at BTC level, is essential to clarify that the Alps agricultural landscapes have substantially altered in the last century. Lowland corridors, which have characterized the agricultural landscapes of Lombardy for over two centuries, have significantly been affected by agricultural industrialization. In the example of Albairate, there was a decrease in surface area and BTC. A reference to how the significant eco-bionomic parameters change in relation to the altitude ranges in the Alps is shown. Focusing on urban landscapes, the city is the most typical of the ecological systems formed by man and one of the most recent in the natural evolution of the biosphere. The town was born from the integration of neighborhoods with complementary functions. Now, however, the disorganized growth has led to the creation of urban landscapes, the structure of which, according to Richard Forman, is very complex. Thus, what can be considered as urban landscape rather than urban region must be detected. Also, the delimitation of the metropolitan area of Milan compared with the current Metropolitan City shows how political-administrative choices can be in contrast with scientific ones. The bionomic-ecological state of the Metropolitan Area and Historical Center of Rome and Milan are compared and the incidence of cancers and cardiovascular diseases in the two cities is enlightened. But the functionality of an ecological system is also revealed by the presence and characteristics of the Landscape apparatuses or, at least, by the % presence of the major categories of urbanization, agriculture, forest. Deepening some other integrated indicators are useful such as carrying capacity. The shifting between the simple LaBiSHH (Landscape Bionomic Survey of Human Habitat) to the LaBiDHH (Landscape Bionomic Diagnosis of Human Habitat) is presented through different case studies.

Alterations of Agro-Forest and Urbanized Landscapes

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发表日期：

2026年

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Vittorio Ingegnoli

摘要

To understand the significance of the current ecological crisis from a systemic point of view and to provide a qualitative-quantitative framework on the global health state of the Earth, studies were carried out using Landscape Bionomy principles and methods. Thus, data on the Transformation deficit at Global scale are provided: note that from 1880 to 2020, the environmental potentiality of self-recovering of our Planet decreased from 88% to 64.3%, with a 4% tolerance: a difference of −23.7%! The compensation capacity for the increase in CO2 disappeared. A synthetic framework on the health state of Spain, France, Germany, Italy and UK is also provided. At the Regional scale (Lombardy and Trentino), in the Alpine Parks, whose forests have an ecological efficiency CBSt 1/3 higher than other Parks, it doesn’t exceed the average value of 33%, but in other forest CBSt = 23.75. This alteration is primarily due to the change in the types of forest that developed in Lombardy during this period. Starting from 1890, the growth of coppice forests and the consequent decrease in temperate-deciduous forests have been robust: today we have 67% of coppiced, 23% of Boreal-Alpine, and only 8.5% of high-stem Temperate! Concerning the agricultural landscapes, if we compare the three types—Protective, Productive, and Industrial- following the bionomic parameters, we can measure sharp differences. An example of the Alpine agrarian landscapes, the best at BTC level, is essential to clarify that the Alps agricultural landscapes have substantially altered in the last century. Lowland corridors, which have characterized the agricultural landscapes of Lombardy for over two centuries, have significantly been affected by agricultural industrialization. In the example of Albairate, there was a decrease in surface area and BTC. A reference to how the significant eco-bionomic parameters change in relation to the altitude ranges in the Alps is shown. Focusing on urban landscapes, the city is the most typical of the ecological systems formed by man and one of the most recent in the natural evolution of the biosphere. The town was born from the integration of neighborhoods with complementary functions. Now, however, the disorganized growth has led to the creation of urban landscapes, the structure of which, according to Richard Forman, is very complex. Thus, what can be considered as urban landscape rather than urban region must be detected. Also, the delimitation of the metropolitan area of Milan compared with the current Metropolitan City shows how political-administrative choices can be in contrast with scientific ones. The bionomic-ecological state of the Metropolitan Area and Historical Center of Rome and Milan are compared and the incidence of cancers and cardiovascular diseases in the two cities is enlightened. But the functionality of an ecological system is also revealed by the presence and characteristics of the Landscape apparatuses or, at least, by the % presence of the major categories of urbanization, agriculture, forest. Deepening some other integrated indicators are useful such as carrying capacity. The shifting between the simple LaBiSHH (Landscape Bionomic Survey of Human Habitat) to the LaBiDHH (Landscape Bionomic Diagnosis of Human Habitat) is presented through different case studies.