The tooth is the hardest structure in the human body. The outermost anatomic and histologic layer of the tooth, known as enamel, is resilient to traumatic natural and man-made events. It is able to withstand high temperatures, high pressure, and fares well in acidic and basic environments. Also, a tooth is extremely individualistic, bearing characteristic qualities of the organism it belonged to. The morphology and morphometric parameters of a tooth are determined by the environmental, evolutionary, and dietary factors. The attrition pattern, presence or absence of any pathology such as dental caries, and subsequent dental intervention such as dental fillings, crowns, etc. are all unique to the person to whom the tooth belongs. These properties make the tooth an invaluable source of evidence for any investigation, may it be forensic or academic. In forensic contexts, teeth are used primarily for positive identification and are particularly strong indicators of age. Archaeologically, dental studies that incorporate teeth include, for example, dietary reconstruction, assessment of biological distance, stable isotope analysis, and pathology. They are also sound reservoirs for ancient DNA. There are instances when taphonomic events/factors are significant enough to damage teeth to such an extent that certain analyses are hampered or even obviated. Mechanical processes need not be severe to fracture teeth; traumas, such as those seen in forensic settings where high-speed projectiles or blunt objects impact the face, can lead to dental fractures. However, even when major events such as mass disasters occur, it is possible that teeth will be available for examination. Therefore, it is important to understand dental anatomy and the physical properties of teeth in order to properly recover and study them.