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Landslides, characterized by the sudden and often rapid movement of rock, soil, debris, or a combination of these materials down a slope or inclined surface, present a considerable danger to humans, animals, and the environment. Their potential to cause widespread destruction and loss of life underscores the urgency of visually analyzing landslide susceptibility by their distribution patterns and landslide parameters, particularly in regions like Malaysia. To effectively manage and control landslip occurrences, this study investigates landslide patterns and contributing factors on Penang Island to enhance sustainable development strategies. By using geospatial analysis, findings of the study reveal a statistically significant clustering of landslide incidents, evidenced by a nearest neighbor ratio (ANN) of 0.82 and a z-score of −2.196005, indicating that landslides tend to occur closer to each other, especially in the island’s central part which is mountainous regions. The research identifies nine key factors that cause to landslide events: slope angle, aspect, rainfall, lithology, land use, curvature, soil composition, distance to roads, and distance to rivers. Among these, slope angle and aspect are highlighted as particularly influential due to the island’s steep and rugged topography. The analysis indicates that landslides are more frequent in areas with steep slopes and high elevations, exacerbated by factors such as deforestation and urban development. This study underscores the need for integrating these findings into urban planning and land-use management to mitigate landslide risks. By providing a detailed framework for identifying high-risk areas and suggesting focused mitigation measures, such as slope management and strategic land-use planning, the research supports the development of safer and more sustainable practices on Penang Island. The findings underscore the importance of considering environmental and geographical factors in urban planning to enhance resilience and sustainability in the face of natural hazards.

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Integrating Geospatial Solutions for Smart Cities: A Case Study of Landslide Susceptibility Analysis in Penang Island for Sustainable Development

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Tharshini Murthy,
  • Izham Mohamad Yusoff,
  • Ismail Ahmad Abir,
  • Chan Huah Yong

摘要

Landslides, characterized by the sudden and often rapid movement of rock, soil, debris, or a combination of these materials down a slope or inclined surface, present a considerable danger to humans, animals, and the environment. Their potential to cause widespread destruction and loss of life underscores the urgency of visually analyzing landslide susceptibility by their distribution patterns and landslide parameters, particularly in regions like Malaysia. To effectively manage and control landslip occurrences, this study investigates landslide patterns and contributing factors on Penang Island to enhance sustainable development strategies. By using geospatial analysis, findings of the study reveal a statistically significant clustering of landslide incidents, evidenced by a nearest neighbor ratio (ANN) of 0.82 and a z-score of −2.196005, indicating that landslides tend to occur closer to each other, especially in the island’s central part which is mountainous regions. The research identifies nine key factors that cause to landslide events: slope angle, aspect, rainfall, lithology, land use, curvature, soil composition, distance to roads, and distance to rivers. Among these, slope angle and aspect are highlighted as particularly influential due to the island’s steep and rugged topography. The analysis indicates that landslides are more frequent in areas with steep slopes and high elevations, exacerbated by factors such as deforestation and urban development. This study underscores the need for integrating these findings into urban planning and land-use management to mitigate landslide risks. By providing a detailed framework for identifying high-risk areas and suggesting focused mitigation measures, such as slope management and strategic land-use planning, the research supports the development of safer and more sustainable practices on Penang Island. The findings underscore the importance of considering environmental and geographical factors in urban planning to enhance resilience and sustainability in the face of natural hazards.