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Urban tree inventories play a crucial role in quantifying the roles of urban trees in balancing urban climate and climate change mitigation. Accurate geolocation of individual trees, including carbon stock assessments, is essential for tree management. This study assesses the accuracy of geolocation data obtained using consumer-grade smartphones and compares it to professional Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) handheld devices in an urban tree inventory context. With the increasing accessibility and affordability of smartphones, they present a cost-effective alternative for data collection. However, the accuracy of a smartphone rather than dedicated GNSS handheld devices needs a thorough evaluation. Hence, this study aims to quantify the positional accuracy of both tools and assess their performance in urban areas. The methodology involves a comparative field study conducted in urban streets. A sample of urban trees was selected, and their locations were recorded using both devices under similar conditions using the Geotreess, a mobile Geographic Information System (GIS) app that is designed for tree management. The coordinates obtained from each device (smartphone) were then compared against the reference dataset (using Montana GPS handheld). The accuracy was assessed using RMSD (root mean square deviation). Then Modified M estimator (MM-estimations), a robust regression method, was used to define the relationship of distance deviation between GNSS handheld and smartphones with signal type (either single L1 C/A or dual signals L1 and L5), times of recording (am versus pm), and smartphone operating system (iOS versus Android). The position deviation between Garmin Montana 650 handheld and Geotrees smartphone app is 11 meters. Hence, we posit that the recent civil GNSS frequencies in smartphones that receive dual signals could improve the geolocation accuracy of mobile applications installed in smartphones, for urban tree inventories. This study is beneficial to provide insights into the optimal use of geolocation in smartphones to improve urban tree management practices.

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The Accuracy Assessment of Mobile Geolocation Data for Urban Tree Inventory

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Yi Peng Wang,
  • Nurul Hawani Idris,
  • Mohamad Jahidi Osman,
  • Nurain Othman,
  • Ami Hassan Md Din,
  • Zamri Ismail,
  • Noor Izawati Alias,
  • Mohamad Hafis Izran Ishak

摘要

Urban tree inventories play a crucial role in quantifying the roles of urban trees in balancing urban climate and climate change mitigation. Accurate geolocation of individual trees, including carbon stock assessments, is essential for tree management. This study assesses the accuracy of geolocation data obtained using consumer-grade smartphones and compares it to professional Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) handheld devices in an urban tree inventory context. With the increasing accessibility and affordability of smartphones, they present a cost-effective alternative for data collection. However, the accuracy of a smartphone rather than dedicated GNSS handheld devices needs a thorough evaluation. Hence, this study aims to quantify the positional accuracy of both tools and assess their performance in urban areas. The methodology involves a comparative field study conducted in urban streets. A sample of urban trees was selected, and their locations were recorded using both devices under similar conditions using the Geotreess, a mobile Geographic Information System (GIS) app that is designed for tree management. The coordinates obtained from each device (smartphone) were then compared against the reference dataset (using Montana GPS handheld). The accuracy was assessed using RMSD (root mean square deviation). Then Modified M estimator (MM-estimations), a robust regression method, was used to define the relationship of distance deviation between GNSS handheld and smartphones with signal type (either single L1 C/A or dual signals L1 and L5), times of recording (am versus pm), and smartphone operating system (iOS versus Android). The position deviation between Garmin Montana 650 handheld and Geotrees smartphone app is 11 meters. Hence, we posit that the recent civil GNSS frequencies in smartphones that receive dual signals could improve the geolocation accuracy of mobile applications installed in smartphones, for urban tree inventories. This study is beneficial to provide insights into the optimal use of geolocation in smartphones to improve urban tree management practices.