Carbon nanomaterials are a class of nanostructures that have garnered significant attention from the scientific community due to their diverse applications in nanotechnology. The two-dimensional structure of graphene endows it with a range of physicochemical properties that make it a key material in several nanotechnology applications. In addition, graphene oxide is one of the most popular derivatives of graphene, gaining special attention due to its biological interest. This chapter highlights recent studies that investigate the interactions between graphene and graphene oxide, as well as the adsorption of molecules for biological research, particularly in the context of controlled release systems and biosensor development. The analyses consider both pristine and functionalized forms of graphene, showing how the presence of specific chemical groups can enhance the selectivity, stability, and efficiency of adsorption processes. By compiling and analysing these studies, this work seeks to demonstrate how graphene can serve as a versatile and practical platform for biomedical applications, contributing to significant advancements in diagnostics, monitoring, and therapeutic strategies through electrolyte-gated graphene field-effect transistors. Understanding the molecular interactions involved represents a crucial step toward developing innovative approaches that integrate nanotechnology and biomedicine, aiming to meet the growing demand for intelligent and functional materials in the healthcare context.