This chapter offers a historical anthropological analysis of the Spanish Empire through the cultural, sociopolitical and legal realities that, since the fifteenth century, have allowed the construction of urban communities between the Mediterranean and the Pacific based on rejection/exclusion and assimilation/acculturation. The chapter focuses on two main ethnographic axes: the city of Toledo in Spain, and its Jewish and converted-Jews inhabitants, in the fifteenth century; and the aggregation in urban settlements of the Indians of New Spain, known as reductions, in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Through war, confessionalization and pre-racism, the empire ossified. This situation generated a bond of belonging to a community of the chosen, employing old and new narratives and a common heritage based on a multiethnic and diverse geography.