The book addresses two key questions in Latin America’s development: how to use abundant natural resources for inclusive green development (IGD), and whether the global green transition can help move away from extractivism. The authors propose a strategy driven by a green developmental state and broadly conceptualized industrial policies. They argue that dependent IGD is possible if progressive governments provide strong leadership, build supportive coalitions, and embrace regional integration and strategic non-alignment. While constraints are significant (e.g., trade rules and limited fiscal space), national reforms and regional cooperation are essential. The IGD path requires leveraging critical mineral demand, strengthening small and medium enterprises, and balancing productivity, inclusion, and sustainability. However, political will, institutional capacity, and overcoming vested interests are crucial. Success also hinges on tailored national strategies reflecting diverse country contexts. Ultimately, only transformative governance—not business as usual—can steer resource-rich Latin American countries toward sustainable, equitable, and green development.