Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the presence of amyloid beta plague and neurofibrillary tangles. AD contributes 40% of the dementia cases in which cognitive decline recovery is the key challenge experienced by the researchers. There are various phytochemical, secondary metabolites, and biomolecules that have been attempted as a therapeutic entity for the AD-based cognitive decline retrieval, provided emergence of nanotechnology, especially nanomaterials of various origin, is of key interest for the AD-based or similar symptoms recovery. Interestingly, various metal and metal oxide nanoparticles have proven activity over neuronal health by supporting the amyloid plaque clearance and tau hyperphosphorylation inhibition. On the other hand, copper oxide nanoparticle (CuONP) causes neuronal apoptosis via p53 pathway in cell lines. Besides that, CuONP enhances the amyloid precursor protein (APP) level via NFkB pathway. Hence, in this chapter, we are focusing on reporting the role played by the nanoparticles of various sources of origin, such as metal, polymers, and carbon, in understanding the AD, its pathophysiology, and potential therapeutic nanoparticles via controlled molecular pathways. This chapter will become a resource for the researchers working on AD and provide a thought-provoking updated knowledge in AD research.