Biomaterials are essential in medicine for restoring function and facilitating diagnosis and prevention. The biomaterial can be natural or synthetic products, such as proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, and cellular matrix components. They offer eco-friendliness, sustainability, and biodegradability. Plant-based biomaterials, derived from carbohydrates, proteins, and other bioactive compounds, are gaining attention for their sustainability, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, making them ideal for biomedical applications and therapeutic applications. The increasing number of diabetic cases necessitates improved diagnosis and treatment methods, with nanobiomaterials being explored as new tools for diagnosing, preventing, and managing the disease. Nanobiomaterials improve glucose biosensor sensitivity and specificity, thus enabling accurate monitoring in human fluids. They also control insulin delivery, improving patient compliance and mimicking physiological responses. Nanobiomaterials-based sensor, including metal nanoparticles, carbon-based nanomaterials, polymeric nanoparticles, and nanocomposite, has shown potential in diabetes management through various techniques and characterization methods. This chapter explores the potential of biomaterials for sustainable diabetes management, addressing challenges like scalability, safety, and regulatory approval, and outlines future nanotechnology integration directions. We review the application of nanobiomaterials as a transformative approach in the diagnosis and prevention of diabetes mellitus, bridging the gap between nanotechnology and precision medicine to improve patient outcomes and quality of life.