In this chapter I build on John Dewey’s observation that the emergence of modern science is a watershed in the history of philosophy and argue that Max Weber’s methodological reflections show that the emergence of the social sciences is (at least) as significant an event in this regard. For Dewey the scientific study of Nature marks a new stage of the development of philosophy because it provides the logical warrant to dignify ontically and epistemically that which Classical philosophy denigrated (i.e. matter, time, and the individual). Weber’s reflections on the social scientific study of Culture provide the logical warrant to deepen and broaden this shift on two counts. First, his reflections on the methodology of the Giesteswissenshaften (soft sciences) in comparison to the Naturwissenschaften (hard sciences), confers ontic dignity on social, historical, and psychological phenomena. Second, his observation that science is one cultural activity among other such activities shows that in addition to being the pursuit of knowledge about “objective” facts of Nature, scientific inquiry is the self-conscious pursuit to understand the “subjective” values of Culture that underpin this inquiry. The ontic and epistemic shift implicit in Weber’s methodological reflections; (a) deepen post-Newtonian science’s critique and reconstruction of the Classical and Enlightenment conceptions of “reality” and “knowledge,” (b) initiate the process of value-neutral (scientific) inquiry into the value-laden (cultural) claims of the universal validity and meaningfulness of scientific knowledge, and (c) reveal heretofore unseen inter-relations between Nature and Culture—thus making the emergence of the social sciences an historical landmark for the philosophy of science.