This chapter considers the transition of co-production from a market to a civic engagement perspective. After decades of promoting market solutions, the expanding public mandate now expects more active participation by civil society and requires individual citizens to assume greater responsibility for co-producing their own healthcare and social services. However, today there is little agreement about what co-production is and how to define it. A growing number of scholars lament that it is ill-defined, poorly formulated and a ‘muddled’ concept. In part, this reflects the fact that it is currently the focus of several disciplines, each with its own perspective. In addition, it looks different in various sectors and countries, as well as in different public administration regimes (PARs).