Mobile phones, the most widely used electrical and electronic equipment, play a crucial role in the global circular economy. However, the low recycling rates and high market demand for these devices have led to a significant accumulation of End-of-Life Mobile Phone Batteries (EoL-MPBs), creating a pressing waste management challenge. Frequent phone replacements driven by consumer trends exacerbate the issue, increasing raw material demand, energy and water consumption, and environmental and health risks from improper disposal. Battery life significantly impacts mobile phone usage and lifespan, highlighting the need for sustainable solutions. EoL-MPBs contain valuable hightech metals, such as lithium, graphite, and electrolytes, with lithium-ion batteries comprising 30–40% active materials, 20–30% electrolytes, and the remainder, separators and additives. While basic mobile phone batteries showed no significant changes in toxic components, smartphone batteries exhibited a notable increase in toxic materials like nickel, cadmium, chromium, lead, and copper from 2006 to 2015, posing carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks. These findings emphasize the urgent need to track material usage trends, improve e-waste management practices, and develop sustainable recycling strategies to mitigate human and environmental exposure to hazardous substances.