Grasping the characteristics of natural forest stands and dividing the stages of forest development and succession will help to accurately grasp the status quo and dynamic changes of forest resources, thereby provide essential technical support for scientifically assessing the effectiveness of forestry eco-projects implementation and formulating targeted policies for sustainable forests management. This study focuses on Hubei Province in China, with natural forests as the research objects. Based on the 2020 China Forest Resource Survey data, ten survey indicators were selected to construct an index system for the characteristics of natural forest stands in Hubei Province by using the factor analysis method. Combined with cluster analysis, the stand characteristics, differences, and developmental succession stages of natural forest in various regions of Hubei Province were discussed. The results indicate that the natural forest assessment based on factor analysis and cluster analysis can finely depict the characteristics of natural forest stands, succession stages, and differences in forest resources quality. These findings can provide scientific basis for fine-differentiated protection and sustainable management of natural forests and serve as a methodological reference for the assessment of forest resources quality.