The chapter serves as an introduction to a volume dedicated to the Poznań School of Archaeology (PSA), which is the most distinctive, original, and rigorous school of archaeological thought in Poland, developed after the Second World War. Emerging in the 1970s from the Poznań School of Methodology, the PSA has been continuously practiced by three generations of archaeologists. The chapter details the core philosophical and methodological tenets defining the PSA such as a rigorous epistemology, a sistematic and explicitly designed methodology, rejection of simplistic functional explanations. It stresses the School emphasis on the leading role of theory in scientific research, and promotion of interdisciplinary collaboration. The chapter further presents several key concepts and influences from its intellectual roots in the Poznań School of Methodology, including idealizational theory of science, humanistic interpretation, socio-regulative theory of culture, functional-genetic explanation, and logical reconstruction. The chapter concludes by presenting major figures responsible for the emergence of Poznań School of Archaeology, in particular Jan Żak, Stanisław Tabaczyński, Danuta Minta-Tworzowska, and Anna Pałubicka.